Amphetamines in Europe — Effects, Risks, Law, Harm Reduction, Scientific Research
Amphetamines — Key Facts
- First synthesized in the 19th century and used in both medical and illicit contexts.
- Street names: speed, uppers, pep pills.
- Common forms: tablets, capsules, powder.
- Typical doses: 5–30 mg (higher doses increase the risk of overdose).
- Illegal across Europe under various national regulations.
Scientific Research and References
Amphetamines have been extensively studied in addiction medicine, neurology, and psychiatry. For example, a systematic review in the Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment highlights the association between non-medical use and increased risk of mental health disorders.
The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) publishes annual reports documenting amphetamine consumption, seizure data, and health consequences.
According to a World Health Organization fact sheet, amphetamines are psychoactive substances with high dependence potential and significant health risks.
Risks of Unregulated Use
Illicit amphetamine products often contain unknown adulterants such as caffeine or synthetic cathinones, increasing the risk of overdose. The EMCDDA and UNODC warn that unregulated use contributes to public health issues including cardiovascular damage and mental health crises.
Legal penalties for possession, production, or distribution can include imprisonment, fines, and criminal records across Europe.
Medical Use vs. Recreational Use
While some amphetamine-based medications are prescribed for ADHD or narcolepsy under strict medical supervision, recreational use remains illegal and dangerous. Publications in the European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and the International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology emphasize the importance of controlled dosing to prevent dependence and neurotoxicity.